Direct and Indirect Speech

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Direct Speech is refers to reproducing another person's exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
We use quotation marks ("______________") and it should be word for word.

 

News Item

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News item is to inform the reader or listener. Clear News item is to inform the news to the readers or listeners. Purpose when you read the news or not to obtain information from sources that clearly.


 

Descriptive Text

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Descriptive text is to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Generic Structure Descriptive text :

Identification is identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
Description is gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Narrative text

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Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structure of Narrative Text :

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.
Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Invitation

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Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something or a request (spoken or written) to participate or be present or take part in something

There are two types of invitation:
FORMAL INVITATION
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

INFORMAL INVITATION
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

Introductory

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Introductory is relating to, or being a first step that sets something going or in proper perspective

Source text above from : http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/introductory

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory "it".

A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.

Introductory "it" can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Passive Voice

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Passive voice is a Passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is,whoever or whtever is performing the action is not grammatical subject of the sentence. Take a look at this passive rephrasing of a familiar joke

• When rewritting active sentences in pasive voice note the following:
  
• The object of the active sentences becomes the subject of the passive sentence
  
• The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
  
• The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence( or is dropped )
  

  Simple present tense	We take a noodle	A noodle are taken by us
  Simple past	We took a noodle	A noodle was taken by us
  Simple future	We will take a noodle	A noodle will taken by us
  Present perfect	We has take a noodle	A noodle has taken by us
  Past perfect	We had take a noodle	A noodle had taken by us
  Going to future	We are going to take a noodle on the table	A noodle are going to taken by us

  
   

In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase begining with by if we want to mention the agent – the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.

Example:

S +verb1+s/es+ O+C(adv. Of time)

My brother makes fried rice every night

S+to be+verb3+agent+C(adv. Of time)

Fried rice is made by my brother every night

If you want change an active sentences which has two objects into passive forms, there are two ways :

Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence

Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence

Example :

Torres is giving his girl friend
a flower

Passive:

The indirect object as the subject

Torres's girl friend is being given a flower

Passive:

The direct object as the subject

A flower is being given to Torres's girl friend

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

• The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of "be".
  

  Example: Town 'Contaminated'
  

  Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
  

  • It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
    

    Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
    

    Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
    

  • The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
    

    Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
    

    Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
    

  • To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
    

    Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
    

    Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
    

  • Headlines are not always complete sentences.
    

    Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
    

    Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.
    

Surprise Or Disbelief

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Suprise Or Disbelief is An expression that we show/say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe and surprise or disbelief used to express something that we can't or impossible.


To Express surprise :
- What a surprise!
- That's a surprise 
- Well that's very surprising
- Really ?
- What ?
- Are you serious? You must be joking
- You're kidding!
- Fancy That!
- I must say..... surprise me

Gratitude, Congratulation And Compliment

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Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English. When people give you something or help yo do something, wish you something and give you compliment, etc.  please say " Thank You "
Thanking 
- Thank You Very Much
- Thank You for your gift
- it's pleasure / My pleasure
- Thank You for You Help
- I'm really grateful to you